Silkyara Tunnel Collapse: 41 Men Trapped 17 Days, Freed by Rat-Hole Miners

SURVIVED
CASE FILE
WhatCollapse of the Silkyara Bend–Barkot road tunnel and the 17-day rescue of 41 workers
WhereUttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, India
WhenNovember 12–28, 2023
Rescued byA team of rat-hole miners led by Wakeel Hasan, after the auger drill broke
StatusAll 41 survived; panel found negligence (2024); tunnel broke through (2025)

🎧 Narrated Mystery: press play and hear the whole case read aloud, like an audiobook (about 24 minutes). The narrator is an AI voice.

Diwali morning, and the mountain fell in

A cloud of grey dust rolling out of a Himalayan road tunnel at dawn beside a tea stall strung with festival lights
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Sunday, November 12, 2023. Diwali, India’s festival of lights.

In the Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, it was meant to be a day of lamps and family. But deep inside a new road tunnel near a place called Silkyara, a crew of workers was still on the job.

At about 5:30 in the morning, a section of the tunnel caved in.

Rock, broken steel and dust came down from the roof. Where the road had been, there was now a wall of rubble.

On the far side of that wall were 41 men.

They were alive. But the only way out was buried under about 197 feet (60 m) of rubble.

Nobody knew it yet, but getting them out would take 17 days. And the machines sent to save them would break. (WIKI) (OPEN) (AP-PBS)

The man in the pipe was digging by hand

A man seen from behind lying in a narrow steel pipe, digging rubble by hand by the light of a head lamp
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Now jump ahead 15 days.

A man lies flat on his stomach inside a steel pipe about 3 feet wide. It is just wide enough for one person.

In front of him is rock and rubble. He is digging through it by hand.

Three men work inside the pipe at a time, taking turns. Outside, the night is freezing.

He is a rat-hole miner. His trade is digging narrow coal burrows, a method India banned in 2014.

He is only here because the machines failed. A giant American drill, flown in by the air force, has broken inside the rubble and been cut out in pieces.

So now the lives of 41 trapped workers depend on a few men crawling through a pipe.

What they found at the end of it is why this story is still told. (DAWN-AFP2) (OUTLOOK-MINERS) (CBS) (AP-PBS) (TRIB-PLASMA)

Then the stretchers started rolling out

An empty wheeled stretcher at the mouth of a rescue pipe beside a wall of marigold garlands, ambulances and fireworks
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Tuesday night, November 28. The mouth of the tunnel.

Crowds stood in the cold. Ambulances waited.

One by one, the workers came out on wheeled stretchers, pulled through about 187 feet (57 m) of steel pipe.

The state’s chief minister, Pushkar Singh Dhami, met them at the tunnel mouth and placed marigold garlands on them. People chanted “Hail mother India!” Firecrackers went off in the dark.

At about 8:50 p.m., the state government confirmed it.

All 41 men were out. All 41 were alive.

They had been trapped for 17 days.

To understand why that night felt like a miracle, go back to the morning it all began. (DAWN-AFP2) (ALJ) (AP-PBS) (CBS) (WIKI) (STATESMAN)

A wall of rock where the road should be

A worker's helmet lamp lighting a collapsed slope of rock and twisted steel ribs inside a tunnel
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

The tunnel was being cut through the mountains of Uttarkashi district. It was about 2.8 miles (4.5 km) long and nearly 43 feet (13 m) wide.

It was part of the Char Dham road, a project worth about $1.5 billion, meant to link four Hindu pilgrimage sites with an all-weather highway.

That Sunday morning, the roof came down about 656 feet (200 m) in from the Silkyara entrance.

The blockage stretched about 197 feet (60 m). It was not a pile of loose stones. It was rock, steel girders and mesh, packed into the tunnel.

The 41 workers were further in, about 853 to 869 feet (260 to 265 m) from the entrance, reshaping the tunnel. The collapse fell between them and the way out.

Rescuers brought in excavators. By the first night they had cleared about 66 feet (20 m) of debris.

But new rubble kept falling from above, filling the gap again.

On the other side, was anyone still breathing? (WIKI) (AP-PBS) (REUT) (ALJ) (DAWN-AFP)

A note on a scrap of paper

A gloved hand pulling a folded paper note from a thin pipe sticking out of rubble
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

The first answer did not come by phone.

It came as a note, written on a scrap of paper.

The men inside were alive.

Later that night, reportedly just after midnight, rescuers made contact by radio.

Early reports said 40 workers were trapped. The final count was 41.

Running through the rubble was an old pipe, only 4 inches (10 cm) wide, used for compressed air and water. It became their lifeline. Rescuers pumped oxygen through it.

For now, the men were safe.

But safe is a strange word for men sealed inside a mountain. (DAWN-AFP) (BT)

Forty-one men, a mile of road, no exit

Silhouettes of men in hard hats sitting along the walls of a long lit concrete tunnel
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Behind the collapse, the men were not stuck in a cave.

They were in a finished stretch of tunnel about 1.24 miles (2 km) long. It had lights. It had room to walk.

A disaster official said they had about 1,312 feet (400 m) of space “to walk and breathe.”

What it didn’t have was a way out.

The 41 were migrant workers who had come from across India for this job.

By one count, 15 were from Jharkhand, 8 from Uttar Pradesh and 5 from Odisha. Others came from Bihar, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Assam and Himachal Pradesh.

Now they were stuck together in the dark, with nothing to do but wait.

Waiting like that can break a person. Their foreman had a plan for that. (BT) (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (DAWN-AFP) (STATESMAN) (PRINT-1YR)

The foreman made them do yoga

Men in a dim tunnel stretching in a row beside a line of hard hats on the floor
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

The foreman trapped inside was Gabbar Singh Negi, from Kotdwar in Uttarakhand’s Pauri Garhwal district.

He had the men do yoga.

He had them meditate. He had them take morning walks along the empty road.

The goal was simple. Keep their minds steady.

Later, Prime Minister Narendra Modi would single him out for praise.

Outside, the state government gave the rescue a name. It called it Operation Zindagi, which means Operation Life.

But calm minds were only half of it. Forty-one men also needed to eat. (FPJ) (OUTLOOK-YOGA) (WIKI)

Dinner came through a 4-inch pipe

Dry fruit and food packets pouring from a thin pipe into two cupped hands
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Everything had to fit through that same thin pipe.

Through it came small food packets. Dry fruit. Medicines.

Oxygen went in the same way.

It kept them going. But a hot meal would not reach them for more than a week.

Outside, the digging went on. Every time the excavators cleared some rubble, more slid down to take its place.

Scooping it out was not going to work. The rescuers needed a machine that could bore straight through.

Four days after the collapse, one arrived. It came in pieces, by air. (DAWN-AFP) (BT)

A giant drill arrives by air force plane

A huge drilling machine strapped in sections inside a military cargo plane at night
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

On November 16, a heavy American-made auger drilling machine reached the site.

An auger is a drill with a spiral blade, like a huge corkscrew. This one weighed about 25 tonnes, roughly 55,000 pounds.

Indian Air Force C-130 Hercules planes flew it in, in parts.

The air force also sent a C-17 and two C-130J Super Hercules aircraft, carrying 36 tonnes of equipment, about 79,000 pounds.

The drill’s job was to push steel pipes, about 31.5 to 35.4 inches (800 to 900 mm) wide, through the rubble.

If it worked, the pipes would form an escape tube, and the men could come out through it.

They set it up and pointed it at the wall. (OPEN) (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (WIKI) (WEEK-1121)

The plan was a steel pipe through the rubble

A giant yellow auger drill pushing a steel pipe into a wall of rubble, workers watching
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

The machine sat on the tunnel floor, aimed at the rubble.

The plan was easy to explain. Drill into the debris and push a steel pipe in behind the drill. Then add the next length of pipe and push again.

The pipe had to cross roughly 187 to 197 feet (57 to 60 m) of collapsed rock and steel.

At about 3 feet wide, it would be big enough for a man.

For the 41 men inside, every foot of pipe meant a foot closer to home.

For the rescuers, it meant drilling into a mountain that had already fallen once.

Then, on November 17, everyone in the tunnel heard a sound they did not want to hear. (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (WIKI) (AP-PBS) (ALJ)

A loud crack, and the drill went quiet

Workers standing still before a stalled drill, a spilled coffee mug on a toolbox
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

On November 17, a loud cracking sound rang out inside the tunnel.

Drilling stopped.

In a tunnel that had already collapsed once, nobody could ignore a sound like that.

There was more trouble. At about the 72-foot (22 m) mark, the auger hit something hard. Drilling halted for days.

Rescuers started looking for other ways in. On November 19, the Border Roads Organisation built a road about 0.71 miles (1.15 km) long up the hill above the tunnel, in case they had to drill straight down from the top.

They contacted the team behind the 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue in Thailand.

Then Arnold Dix arrived. The Australian is president of the Geneva-based International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association. From the start, he publicly promised that all 41 men would come home.

“I predicted 41 people would return home unharmed by Christmas,” he said later.

Christmas was more than a month away. The men inside were still living on dry fruit. (WIKI) (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (WEEK-1121) (TRIB-DIX) (INDIANLINK)

Day nine, and their first hot meal

A row of steaming steel food containers beside a wider pipe in the rubble
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

On November 20, day nine, the rescuers finally had a win.

They pushed a wider pipe, 6 inches (15 cm) across, through the rubble.

That was big enough for real food.

The first hot meal went in: khichdi, a simple dish of rice and lentils. An official said 24 bottles of meals were sent, plus bananas.

For nine days the men had lived on small packets and dry fruit. Now they had something warm.

The new pipe could carry more than food. It could carry a camera.

Early the next morning, the world was going to see them for the first time. (WEEK-1121) (BT) (KUWAIT-AFP)

The camera found them, alive and in helmets

A rescuer seen from behind watching a green monitor full of hard hats crowding toward a camera
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Early on November 21, day 10, rescuers fed an endoscopic camera down the 6-inch pipe. It was a thin, bendable camera on a cable.

The picture was grainy. But it showed the men.

They were alive. They were still wearing their helmets. They crowded toward the lens.

A rescuer’s voice can be heard in the footage: “We will bring you out safely, do not worry.”

It was the world’s first look at the 41.

Mobile phones and chargers went down the pipe next, so the men could talk to their families.

Arnold Dix told reporters: “Those 41 men are coming home. Exactly when? Not sure.”

Outside, some people believed they already knew why all this had happened. Their reason had nothing to do with rock. (BT) (KUWAIT-AFP) (WEEK-1121) (OPEN)

Locals said the mountain god was angry

A tunnel expert seen from behind at a small marigold shrine with incense near the tunnel mouth
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

The people of these hills worship a mountain deity called Baba Baukhnag.

Locals believed a small shrine to him had been removed when construction began. It was supposed to be rebuilt. It never was.

In their eyes, the deity was angry.

One account, from publicity for Arnold Dix’s later book, says a small temple at the entrance was knocked down on the first day of Diwali, the day of the collapse. That timing has never been confirmed.

A makeshift temple to Baba Baukhnag was set up at the rescue site.

Days before the breakthrough, Dix, the international tunnel expert, was seen praying there.

Engineering and prayer were now working side by side at the tunnel mouth.

They would need both. Inside the rubble, the drill was running into things it could not get past. (WEEK-TEMPLE) (OPEN) (INDIANLINK) (TRIB-DIX)

The drill broke 154 feet in

Orange sparks as a plasma cutter slices through broken auger blades jammed inside a steel pipe
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

On November 22 and 23, progress stalled. The drill kept hitting steel girders, mesh and rubble buried in the collapse.

Officials said about 75% of the debris had been drilled.

Then, on Friday night, November 24, day 13, the auger’s blades jammed inside the rubble and broke.

It had bored about 154 feet (47 m). The full distance was roughly 187 to 197 feet (57 to 60 m). The pipe was about 30 to 39 feet (9 to 12 m) short.

Worse, the broken blades were stuck inside the rescue pipe itself. Nothing could move forward until they came out.

On November 26, a plasma cutter was flown in from Hyderabad to slice the auger out in pieces. About 66 feet (20 m) was cut first. Some 82 feet (25 m) still had to come out.

The Army’s Madras Sappers, a unit of military engineers, joined the rescue.

Two weeks in, the giant machine was being cut to scrap. The rescuers needed a plan B. (WIKI) (AP-PBS) (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (CBS) (TRIB-PLASMA)

Plan B was to drill down from the top

A drilling rig lit by floodlights on a snowy pine-covered hilltop above the tunnel at night
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Plan B was on top of the mountain.

The idea was to drill 282 feet (86 m) straight down from the summit to the trapped men.

By November 27, SJVN’s vertical drill had reached about 105 feet (32 m). Another company, THDC, started from the far end of the tunnel, at Barkot.

Meanwhile, hard questions were being asked. On November 24, a member of a government panel told Reuters that the tunnel ran through a geological fault called a shear zone, and that it had no escape passage.

Government guidelines recommend emergency exits for tunnels longer than about 0.93 miles (1.5 km). The highway authority was told to audit 29 tunnels under construction.

Before the work started again, a priest, Ganesh Prasad Bijalwan, performed a puja, a prayer ritual.

Drilling from the top would take time. So the rescuers turned to a very different idea, and a banned one. (WIKI) (TRIB-PLASMA) (REUT) (PRINT-1YR)

They called in the rat-hole miners

Three rescuers lying in a narrow pipe in a line, passing back basins of rock
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Rat-hole mining is a way of digging narrow coal burrows by hand. India’s National Green Tribunal banned it in 2014.

Now the rescue needed exactly that skill.

A team of rat-hole miners from Delhi and Uttar Pradesh was called in. Most reports say there were 12. They worked for a Delhi company, Rockwell Enterprises, and their leader was Wakeel Hasan.

Among them were Munna Qureshi, Feroze Qureshi, Monu Kumar, Mohammad Irshad and Mohammad Naseem.

At 3 p.m. on Monday, November 27, they started. They crawled into the steel pipe, about 3 feet wide and “just wide enough for one person.” Three of them dug by hand at a time, taking turns.

Outside, temperatures were plummeting.

They had promised to finish in 24 to 36 hours. “We had decided that we would work 24/7 and not leave until we bring all of them out,” they said.

The team said it did not charge for the job.

Through the night and into the next day, they kept crawling forward. (CBS) (OUTLOOK-MINERS) (HITAVADA) (TRIB-SHOULDERS) (SCROLL) (DAWN-AFP2) (ALJ) (AP-PBS)

Twenty-seven hours later, they broke through

Hands reaching toward each other through a small hole of warm light in the rubble
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Tuesday, November 28. Day 17.

Hasan later said the team had planned to dig about 49 feet (15 m). Instead they kept going. By his count, they pushed the pipe about 59 feet (18 m).

Other reports put the gap left by the broken drill at 30 to 39 feet. The numbers may measure different things, rubble cleared versus pipe pushed.

At about 6 p.m., they broke through to the other side.

That was about 27 hours after they started, inside the 24 to 36 hours they had promised.

After the air force flights, the giant drill and the plasma cutter, it was men digging by hand who got there.

The first two rescuers through were about to meet the men they had come for. (HITAVADA) (TRIB-SHOULDERS) (ALJ) (TRIB-PLASMA) (OUTLOOK-AUGER)

They lifted the rescuers on their shoulders

Workers in hard hats lifting a dusty rescuer on their shoulders, an outstretched palm holding almonds
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Feroze Qureshi and Monu Kumar were the first rescuers to meet the trapped men.

“They lifted me on their shoulders,” Qureshi said.

The workers gave Kumar almonds and asked his name.

Then the long ride out began. The men were pulled one by one on wheeled stretchers through about 187 feet (57 m) of welded steel pipe, roughly 3 feet (90 cm) wide. The final phase took about an hour.

At the tunnel mouth, Chief Minister Dhami and Minister of State V.K. Singh were waiting.

At about 8:50 p.m., the government confirmed that all 41 were out. Ambulances took them to a field hospital at the Chinyalisaur community health centre.

One family had skipped Diwali, because it fell on the day of the collapse. A worker’s father said: “We will celebrate it when he reaches the village.”

The story could have ended there, with a late Diwali. It didn’t. (TRIB-SHOULDERS) (DAWN-AFP2) (ALJ) (AP-PBS) (WIKI) (STATESMAN)

Three months later, a bulldozer came for his home

A bulldozer bucket coming down on a small brick house in a Delhi lane, a framed picture in the dust
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Arnold Dix called the rescue a miracle. He said he had heard the trapped men had been “playing cricket” inside. Then he went to the Baba Baukhnag shrine to give thanks, as he had vowed.

On November 29, an air force Chinook helicopter flew the 41 to AIIMS Rishikesh. On December 1, they were declared fit to go home.

The Uttarakhand government gave each worker Rs 1 lakh (100,000 rupees). The builder, Navayuga, gave each one Rs 2 lakh plus two months’ paid leave or a bonus.

Each rat-hole miner was given Rs 50,000. The Wire reported that the miners refused the reward as “not commensurate.” It is unclear whether they ever cashed it.

Then, on February 28, 2024, the Delhi Development Authority bulldozed Wakeel Hasan’s home in Khajuri Khas, Delhi. It called the house an encroachment.

“This is how we have been rewarded for rescuing so many people – we have been rendered homeless,” Hasan said.

A local MP, Manoj Tiwari, promised him housing under a government scheme.

That same month, Outlook reported that the miners had gone back to low-paid crawl work, that promised rewards were late, and that their names were missing from official lists.

The tunnel, meanwhile, still had questions to answer. (ALJ) (TRIB-DIX) (WIKI) (LOKMAT-CHEQUE) (PRINT-1YR) (WEEK-GADKARI) (SCROLL) (WIRE-REWARD) (OUTLOOK-MINERS)

The tunnel broke through, and the god got a temple

A small new temple with marigolds inside a finished tunnel, snowy mountains through the far opening
AI-generated illustration based on the documented record. Not a photograph.

Work on the tunnel restarted on January 30, 2024.

In September 2024, a five-member expert panel sent its final report to the government. It found “profound” negligence by NHIDCL, the state company that owns the tunnel, by the builder Navayuga, and by the authority engineer.

It recorded 21 collapses in four years, rock rated as stronger than it really was, a cheaper ventilation system swapped in, and no dedicated escape passage. It said the contractor should bear the costs. The government has argued that the two sides of the tunnel’s dividing wall act as escape routes for each other. No confirmed final penalties have been reported.

Many of the rescued men never went back. In an August 2024 survey, 9 of the 41 had returned to the site. Another 31 had taken other work, farming or running small shops. One called the tunnel the “jaws of death.”

On April 16, 2025, the two ends of the tunnel finally met. It is about 2.82 miles (4.531 km) long and cuts the route between Gangotri and Yamunotri by about 16 miles (26 km).

The same day, Chief Minister Dhami consecrated a new temple to Baba Baukhnag at the tunnel mouth. He said the tunnel would be renamed after the deity.

In early 2026, officials expected it to open around the end of that year.

For 17 days, a mountain held 41 men, and the biggest machines anyone could fly in could not set them free. In the end, it was a few men crawling through a cold steel pipe, digging by hand, who brought every one of them home. (WEEK-RESUME) (PRINT-PANEL) (WEEK-GADKARI) (WIKI) (PRINT-1YR) (PRINT-BREAK) (WEEK-TEMPLE) (IINFRA) (AAJTAK-2026)

Case notes: 41 men, 17 days and the rescue the machines couldn’t finish

At about 5:30 a.m. on November 12, 2023, part of the Silkyara Bend–Barkot road tunnel in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, India, caved in and trapped 41 workers behind roughly 197 feet (60 m) of rubble (WIKI) (AP-PBS). After a heavy auger drill broke about 154 feet (47 m) in, a team of rat-hole miners finished the escape tunnel by hand, and all 41 men were pulled out alive on November 28 (AP-PBS) (HITAVADA) (ALJ). A government expert panel later found “profound” negligence (PRINT-PANEL).

Timeline

WhenWhat happened
Nov 12, 2023, ~5:30 a.m.Tunnel section caves in on Diwali morning; 41 trapped (WIKI) (OPEN)
Nov 12–13First contact by paper note, then radio; oxygen and food through a 4-inch pipe (DAWN-AFP)
Nov 16American-made auger airlifted in parts by the Indian Air Force (OPEN) (WIKI)
Nov 17Drilling stops after a loud crack inside the tunnel (WIKI)
Nov 20 (day 9)6-inch pipe through; first hot meal of khichdi (WEEK-1121) (BT)
Nov 21 (day 10)Camera gives the first video of all 41 men (BT) (KUWAIT-AFP)
Nov 24Auger blades break about 154 ft in (AP-PBS) (TRIB-PLASMA)
Nov 26Plasma cutter flown in; vertical drilling begins from the hilltop (TRIB-PLASMA) (WIKI)
Nov 27, 3 p.m.Rat-hole miners start digging by hand (HITAVADA)
Nov 28, ~8:50 p.m.All 41 out (WIKI) (STATESMAN)
Feb 28, 2024Team leader Wakeel Hasan’s Delhi home demolished (SCROLL)
Sep 20, 2024Final expert panel report: “profound” negligence (PRINT-PANEL)
Apr 16, 2025Tunnel breakthrough; new Baba Baukhnag temple consecrated (PRINT-BREAK) (WEEK-TEMPLE)

Where the records disagree

DetailWhat reports say
How many were trappedEarly AFP reports said 40; every later count says 41 (DAWN-AFP) (DAWN-AFP2)
Days trappedMost outlets say 17; Wikipedia’s infobox says 16 (WIKI)
How far the drill stopped short9 m, 10–12 m or the “last 12 m” depending on the report; the miners say they pushed the pipe 18 m (ALJ) (TRIB-PLASMA) (HITAVADA)
Rescue pipe width800 mm or 900 mm (about 3 ft); both sizes were on site (OUTLOOK-AUGER) (ALJ)
Size of the miners’ team12 in most reports; 24 in one (HITAVADA) (CBS)
Escape passageA panel member and the final report say there was none; the minister said the two sides of the dividing wall serve as escape routes (REUT) (PRINT-PANEL) (WEEK-GADKARI)

Details most coverage missed

The first word from inside was a note on paper. Radio contact came only later that night (DAWN-AFP).

The method that saved them was banned. India’s National Green Tribunal outlawed rat-hole mining in 2014 (CBS) (OUTLOOK-MINERS).

Many of the 41 never went back. In August 2024, only 9 had returned to the site; one called the tunnel the “jaws of death” (PRINT-1YR).

What we still don’t know

  • Whether any final penalties were imposed after the expert panel’s report.
  • Exactly how far the auger stopped short, since reports measure different things.
  • Whether the miners ever cashed the state reward they were reported to have refused.
  • When the finished tunnel will open to traffic.

Case file summary

  • What: Collapse of the Silkyara Bend–Barkot road tunnel and the 17-day rescue of 41 workers
  • Where: Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, India
  • When: November 12–28, 2023
  • Rescued by: A team of rat-hole miners led by Wakeel Hasan, after the auger drill broke
  • Status: All 41 survived; panel found negligence (2024); tunnel broke through (2025)

Illustrations are artistic interpretations, not photos. No real person has a recognizable face.

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